Entry 1

[1]  Photograph of the original cover of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, (1865). PD-UK. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Alice Liddell, oil painting by artist, Terry Guyer. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. Painting in the collection of Ray Kurzweil. Provided courtesy of the artist, Terry Guyer.

Entry 3

[1]  Portrait of Frank Lloyd Wright. New York (1954). Photograph by Al Ravenna, New York World-Telegram and the Sun. PD-US. Retrieved from the Library of Congress.

Entry 4

[1]  Illustration by John Tenniel, Advice from a Caterpillar (1865). For the original book, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carrol. Engraving scanned from book dated 1866. Getty Images.

Entry 5

[1]  Illustration by John Tenniel for the original book, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carrol, “Grinning Cat” (1865). Engraving scanned from book dated 1866. Getty Images.

Entry 6

[1]  Illustration by John Tenniel for the original book, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carrol, “White Rabbit” (1865). Engraving scanned from book dated 1866. Getty Images.

[2]  White Rabbit, oil painting by artist, Grace Slick. Oil on canvas. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. Painting in the collection of Ray Kurzweil. Provided courtesy of the artist, Grace Slick.

Entry 7

[1]  Illustration by John Tenniel for the original book, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carrol, “Trial of the Knave of Hearts” (1865). Engraving scanned from book dated 1866. Getty Images.

Entry 9

[1]  Portrait of Martine Rothblatt and Bina Aspen (September 2014). New York. Photograph by Peter Hapak, Trunk Archive.

2]   Bina48, an android robot made in the likeness of an actual living human being Bina Rothblatt. Bristol, Vermont, July 27, 2010. Composite image from stills from Bina48, An Existential Crisis by Max Aguilera-Hellweg, Director, Cameraman, Editor.

Entry 10

[1]  Analytical machine by Charles Babbage, exhibited at the Science Museum in London. May 5, 2009. Photograph by Bruno Barral (ByB). CC BY-SA 2.5. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 11

[1]  Watercolor portrait of Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace) by Alfred Edward Chalo (1840). This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Diagram of an algorithm for the Analytical Engine for the computation of Bernoulli numbers from Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage by Luigi Menabrea, with notes by Ada Lovelace (1842). PD-US-1923-abroad. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 12

[1]  Heldenplatz on the occasion of the Anschluss (March 1938). Photograph by Imagno. Hulton Archive/Getty Images.

Entry 14

[1]  Original movie poster from The Wizard of Oz by MGM (1939). Beverly Hills, CA. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 20

[1]  Engraving by W.D. Cooper from The History of North America, Boston Tea Party (1897), plate opposite p. 58. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 23

[1]  Jap … You’re Next! We’ll Finish the Job. Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information. Domestic Operations Branch. Bureau of Special Services. Series: World War II Posters 1942–1945. National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 513563. This is faithful photographic reproduction of two-dimensional artwork. PD-USGov. Retrieved from National Archives.

Entry 25

[1]  White Area, an apartheid notice on a beach near Capetown, South Africa (July 22, 1976). Photograph by Keystone/Getty Images.

Entry 26

[1]  Photograph by South Africa The Good News of Nelson Mandela (Johannesburg, Gauteng, May 13, 2008). CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 37

[1]  Painting by Zhang Zhenshi of Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) (Beijing, China, 1957). This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a work of art. CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 38

[1]  Illustration of open and closed strings from Illustration of String Theory by Xoneca. (June 9, 2013). PD-Author. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 41

[1]  The 1969 6-cent postage stamp depicting W.C. Handy by Bernice Kochan of Cleveland, Ohio, winner of a nationwide contest sponsored by Memphis Sesquicentennial, Inc. for the United States Postal Service (May 1969). PD-USGov-USPS. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Photograph by Jerry Fitzpatrick of Johnny Shines (Chicago Blues Festival, June 1991). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  Photograph by Henry Diltz/Corbis of Jimi Hendrix and Billy Cox (Woodstock, NY, August 1969). Getty Images.

Entry 47

[1]  Painting by Jean Simon Berthelemy of Alexander Cuts the Gordian Knot. (1767). École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris, France. Joconde database: entry 50510011609. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 50

[1]  Press photo of George Orwell (1943). Photograph by Branch of the National Union of Journalists (NUJ), United Kingdom. PD-UK. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Photograph of the first-edition front cover of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949). Brown University Library, Providence, RI. From George Orwell; published by Secker and Warburg (London). PD-UK. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  Photograph of Kliment Voroshilov, Vyacheslav Molotov, Stalin, and Nikolai Yezhov at the shore of the Moscow-Volga Canal, Moscow, April 22, 1937. (published USSR, April 1939); and doctored photograph with Yezhov deleted from the image (sometime prior to 1991). PD-Russia. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 61

[1]  Detail from the original cover of the book Flatland, A Romance of Many Dimensions by Edwin A. Abbott (Seeley & Co., London, 1884). PD-Art-two|PD-UK|PD-1923. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 62

[1]  Illustration by Laksman Frank of a diagram of the Young experiment, also called double-slit experiment, conducted in 1801 by Thomas Young (2017). Provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

Entry 66

[1]  Photograph by Ernst Hofmann or Bernhard Walte as Hungarian Jews arrive at German Nazi death camp Auschwitz, Poland (May 1944). Deutsches Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0827-318. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Photograph by A. Savin of the Manor in Berlin-Wannsee, Germany, known as the House of the Wannsee Conference. (Berlin, Germany 2014). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 67

[1]  Portrait of Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant (ca. 1790), Artist Unknown. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 68

[1]  Photograph of philosopher John Stuart Mill and his wife Helen Taylor (ca. 1835), daughter of Harriet Taylor. PD-US-1923-abroad. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 69

[1]  Photograph by Daniel Schwen of El Castillo (pyramid of Kukulcán) in Chichén Itzá. Chichén Itzá, Mexico (August 2009). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 71

[1]  Muammar al-Gaddafi (Addis Abeba, February 2009) at the 12th AU summit. Photograph by US Navy Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jesse B. Awalt. This Image was released by the United States Navy with the ID 090202-N-0506A-402. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 74

[1]  Illustration by Laksman Frank based on the Kinect product by Microsoft, people playing video game with motion-sensor technology (Boston, 2017). Provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

Entry 78

[1]  Photograph by BibleLandPictures.com/Alamy Stock Photo of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 5, 1902–June 12, 1994), known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe.

Entry 80

[1]  Photograph by Shane Dallas. Hassidic Jews (Jerusalem, Israel, 2010).

Entry 82

[1]  Painting by Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), The Adoration of the Golden Calf (April 1633). National Gallery of Art, London, UK. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 83

[1]  Painting by Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625), The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1615). Royal Cabinet of Paintings Mauritshuis, The Hague inv./cat.nr 253. This is a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 84

[1]  Photograph by Nils Olander of the Lincoln Center at Twilight (New York, June 2007). CC BY-SA 4.0 International. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 87

[1]  Illustration of Vannevar Bush’s concept of the “Memex” (1945). PD-US. Retrieved from New Media Wikia.

Entry 88

[1]  Photograph by Cherie A. Thurlby, US Department of Defense, of King Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud (Saudi Arabia, January 2007). PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 97

[1]  Portrait of author, activist, and feminist Betty Friedan, New York (1960). Photograph by Fred Palumbo/Underwood Archives/Getty Images.

Entry 99

[1]  Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, United Nations General Assembly (New York, 2014). Photograph by Andrew Burton/Getty Images.

Entry 100

[1]  The Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum. Jerusalem, Israel (March 2005). Photograph by David Silverman/Getty Images.

Entry 102

[1]  Photograph by Mrbrefast of Eternal Flame and Concentration Camp Victims Memorial at Yad Vashem, Mount Herzl (Jerusalem, Israel, March 2009). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 103

[1]  Pope Francis at Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum, with Israeli President Shimon Peres and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (Jerusalem, Israel, May 2014). Photograph by Amos Ben Gershom, GPO/Getty Images.

Entry 105

[1]  Photograph by Avishai Teicher of the Hall of Names at Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum (Jerusalem, Israel, April 2011). CC BY 2.5. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 106

[1]  Photograph by Fred Stein of German-born American political theorist and author Hannah Arendt (New York, 1949). Fred Stein Archive/Archive Photos/Getty Images.

Entry 107

[1]  Photograph by Israel Government Press Office of Adolph Eichmann in Israel during his trial for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity (Jerusalem, May 4, 1961). PD-Israel. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 110

[1]  Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon with Israeli soldiers at the Bet El military base in the West Bank (August 6, 2002). Photograph by Oleg Popov-Pool/Getty Images.

Entry 114

[1]  A microbot developed at MIT and Technische Universität München (Seattle, WA, May 2015). Photograph by Evan Ackerman/IEEE Spectrum.

Entry 116

[1]  British statesman Sir Winston Churchill (1874–1965) (January 1, 1955). Photograph by Baron/Hulton Archive/Getty Images.

[2]  British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) and German Führer Adolf Hitler (right) (Munich, 1938). Photograph by Corbis Historical/Getty Images.

Entry 117

[1]  The Knesset building on Independence Day, April 24, 2007 (Jerusalem, Israel, April 2007). Photograph by Beny Shlevich. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 124

[1]  Cartoon, a defensive “human race” showing things only people, not machines, can do. (Boston, MA, 1999; updated 2005). Designed and owned by Ray Kurzweil, created for Age of Spiritual Machines (1999); updated for The Singularity is Near (2005). Provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

[2]  Google auto-caption: “Two pizzas sitting on top of a stove top oven” (2015). O. Vinyals, A. Toshev, S. Bengio, and D. Erhan. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition; Show and tell: A neural image caption generator. CVPR, 2015. Photograph by S. Bengio.

[3]  Photograph by Andreas Praefcke of Tübingen, Germany from A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style by Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, and Matthias Bethge (August 2015; revised September 2015).

[4]  Computer-generated image of the city of Tübingen in the style of Vincent Van Gogh’s painting A Starry Night from A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style by Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, and Matthias Bethge (August 2015; revised September 2015).

[5]  Computer-generated image city of Tübingen in the style of Pablo Picasso’s Femme Nue Assise from A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style by Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, and Matthias Bethge. (August 2015; revised September 2015).

[6]  Computer-generated image city of Tübingen in the style of Edvard Munch’s painting The Scream from A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style by Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, and Matthias Bethge. (August 2015; revised September 2015).

Entry 125

[1]  Photograph of a flash mob during the UNICEF Convention on the Rights of the Child. (Havana, Cuba, November 2010). Photograph by STR/AFP/Getty Images.

Entry 126

[1]  Photograph by Ed Jones of entrance to Tiananmen Square, still displaying the painting of Mao Tse-tung (Beijing, October 2013). AFP/Getty Images.

[2]  A lone demonstrator stands down a column of tanks June 5, 1989 at the entrance to Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Photograph by CNN via Getty Images.

Entry 127

[1]  President Nixon and China’s Communist Party Leader, Mao Tse-tung (China, February 1972). Photograph by General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of Presidential Libraries, Office of Presidential Papers. National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 194759. PD-USGov. Retrieved from National Archives.

Entry 143

[1]  A graphic of Normal Distribution Probability Density Functions (April 2, 2008). Graphic created using Mathmetica, Inkscape by Inductiveload. PD-Author. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 144

[1]  Portrait of John Galsworthy (1867–1933). Photographer unknown (1923). PD-UK|PD-1923. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 145

[1]  Painting by Rembrandt, Moses Smashing the Tablets of the Law (1659). From the collection of Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Jörg P. Anders. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Google Cultural Institute.

[2]  The Seal of the United States of America as designed by John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin in 1776. July 1865. Illustration by Benson J. Lossing. Diplomacy Center. PD-1923. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 147

[1]  Asymptoting logarithmic response curve. Boston (2017). Illustration by Laksman Frank. Provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

Entry 148

[1]  Image of logarithmic equation. Boston (2017). Illustration by Laksman Frank. Provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

Entry 149

[1]  Dual-stranded DNA encoding genetic data, separating into two strands and forming two double-stranded strands of DNA (January 2013). Illustration by Madeleine Price Ball. CC0 1.0 Universal. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 151

[1]  Image of cancer stem cell during symmetric reproduction (January 2006). E.V. Gostjeva, L. Zukerberg, D. Chung, W.G. Thilly, Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. Elsevier, Inc.

[2]  Image of cancer stem cell during asymmetric reproduction (January 2006). E.V. Gostjeva, L. Zukerberg, D. Chung, W.G. Thilly, Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. Elsevier, Inc.

Entry 153

[1]  Painting by Antoine-François Callet, Louis XVI, King of France and Navarre (1754–1793), wearing his grand royal costume in 1779. Palace of Versailles (1789). From the collection of Palace of Versailles. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Google Cultural Institute.

[2]  Painting by Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Paris, France (1789). From the Carnavalet Museum. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 154

[1]  Time Magazine cover featuring Spanish bullfighter Juan Belmonte (January 1925). Photograph by TIME Magazine. PD-US. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 155

[1]  Portrait of Salvador Dali with Babou, ocelot friend at St. Regis (1965). Photograph by Roger Higgins, World Telegram staff photographer. PD-Art. Retrieved from Library of Congress.

[2]  Painting by Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory (1931). Museum of Modern Art, New York since 1934. Salvador Dalí, Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Photograph taken in 2004. Getty Images.

[3]  Salvador Dali A, Dali Atomicus (1948). Photographic print, gelatin silver by Philippe Halsman. PD-Art. Retrieved from Library of Congress.

Entry 162

[1]  The AIDS Memorial Quilt shown on the National Mall. Washington, DC (July 2012). Photograph by Chris Maddaloni/CQ Roll Call/Getty Images.

[2]  A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image of HIV-1 virions. Atlanta (2004). Photograph by Cynthia Goldsmith. CDC/C. Goldsmith, P. Feorino, E. L. Palmer, W. R. McManus. PD-USGov-HHS-CDC. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control Library.

[3]  Protesters hold sign “Silence Equals Death” at a protest organized by AIDS activist group ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) at the headquarters of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Rockville, MD (October 1988). Photograph by Catherine McGann/Getty Images.

[4]  “Time isn’t the only thing the FDA is Killing,” ACT UP NY protest poster from the Seize Control of the FDA action, Rockville, MD (October 1988). Illustration provided courtesy of ACTUPNY.org.

Entry 165

[1]  President Obama Attends Remembrance Ceremony for 15th Anniversary of 9/11 Attacks at the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (September 2016). Photograph by Mark Wilson/Getty Images.

[2]  US President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, and members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune’s Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex. Washington, DC (May 2011). Photograph by Pete Souza, Official White House Photographer. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Official White House photostream.

Entry 167

[1]  Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Rodham Clinton, 95th Representative Assembly of the National Education. Washington, DC (July 15, 2016). Photograph by Alex Wong/Getty Images.

Entry 169

[1]  Life-size Yoda on display inside the Launch Bay gift store during the media preview of Star Wars Season of the Force. Anaheim, CA (November 2015). Photograph by Allen J. Schaben/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images.

[2]  Star Wars: Episode IV—A New Hope, garbage compactor scene, with Peter Mayhew, Carrie Fisher, Harrison Ford, and Mark Hamill (1977). Photograph by Ronald Grant Archive/Alamy Stock Photo.

Entry 171

[1]  Photograph by Dilma Rousseff of Hu Jintao, Secretary General of the Chinese Communist Party. Cannes, France (February 11, 2011). CC BY-SA 2.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 172

[1]  The Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, during the meeting organized by the University Bicocca. Milan, Italy (October 2016). Photograph by Pier Marco Tacca/Getty Images.

Entry 177

[1]  Soldiers of an honor guard of the People’s Liberation Army at their base in Nanjing, China. Nanjing, China (June 2009). Photograph by Demetrio J. Espinosa, US Marine Corps. PD-USGov-Military-Marines. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 178

[1]  Photograph by Arian Zwegers of Tibetan Buddhists at the Thimphu Chorten, in Thimphu, Bhutan (October 2013). CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 183

[1]  Photograph by Julian Herzog of the tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), with all the magnets and instruments. Geneva, Switzerland (June 2008). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 188

[1]  Photo of Mao Tse-tung in front of a crowd, from Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, China (1950). Photograph, People’s Republic of China Printing Office. PD-China|PD-1996. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 193

[1]  Plaque formation in atherosclerosis (March 2015). Illustration by Nicholas Patchett. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 195

[1]  The neocortex in three mammalian species. Boston, MA (September 2017). Illustration by Laksman Frank, provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

Entry 196

[1]  Sigmund Freud, Father of Psychoanalysis, in 1926. Vienna, Austria (1926). Photograph by Ferdinand Schmutzer. PD-Austria|PD-1996. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 201

[1]  Portrait of Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China. China (1943). Photograph by People’s Republic of China. PD-China|PD-1996. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945) (second right) and his wife, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) (left), escort Chinese First Lady Madame Chiang Kai Shek (Soong May-ling) (1898–2003) near Mount Vernon. Alexandria, VA (February 22, 1943). Photograph by PhotoQuest/Getty Images.

Entry 204

[1]  The Chinese pictogram “nang,” which consists of 36 strokes, and means “verbose” (June 2005). Vector Graphic by Chamaeleon. CC BY-SA 2.0 UK. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 205

[1]  Price history chart of crystalline silicon solar cells in US$ per Watt since 1977 (May 2015). Vector Image by Rfassbind. PD-Author. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  The exponential decline in the cost per Watt of solar energy (July 13, 2014). Graphic Image by Delphi234. CC0 1.0 Universal. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  Scanning electron microscope (SEM) picture of silicon spikes (as in black silicon) after fs laser irradiation (2009). Photograph by Sedao. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 206

[1]  SteriPEN portable UV water purifier in use (May 2002). Photograph by Coronium. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  The Portable Aqua Unit for Lifesaving (PAUL) filtration system (August 2011). Vector Graphic by Fsgww, University of Kassel. Modified by Laksman Frank, September 2018. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 207

[1]  Photograph by Valcenteu of lettuce growing in stacked layers on a vertical farm, VertiCrop System (February 2010). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 208

[1]  Photograph by Martin Ebner of a 3D printer constructing two small models of buildings (June 2016). CC0 1.0 Universal. Retrieved from Pixabay.

[2]  3D-printed titanium spinal disk that can be implanted in patients with spinal damage or disease (2015). Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo.

[3]  Photograph by Vvzvlad of a 3D-printed gun, designed by the company Defense Distributed (May 2003). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 209

[1]  A general view of 3D-printed house at Shanghai Zhangjiang High-Tech Zone Qingpu Park. Shanghai, China (August 2014). Photograph by VCG/VCG via Getty Images.

[2]  World’s first totally 3D-printed house, Beijing, China (June 2016). Photograph by VCG/VCG via Getty Images.

Entry 210

[1]  Photograph by Shakko of Christian Dior’s famous New Look “bar suit” design, Spring/Summer 1947 (2011). CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 211

[1]  Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz of Georgia O’Keeffe (1918). PD-1923. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Georgia O’Keefe, Music, Pink and Blue No. 2 (1918). Copyright © 2017 Georgia O’Keeffe Museum/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Gift of Emily Fisher Landau in honor of Tom Armstrong.

Entry 212

[1]  Book cover artwork from The Apartheid of Sex: A Manifesto on the Freedom of Gender by Martine Rothblatt, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List (January 1995). Cover art provided courtesy of the author, Martine Rothblatt.

Entry 213

[1]  Xinhuamen, the “Gate of New China,” built by Yuan Shikai, the formal entrance to the Zhongnanhai compound, Beijing, China (October 2006). Yanan Peng. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved by Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 214

[1]  A man looking at a replica of a fifteenth-century treasure ship used by legendary Chinese explorer Admiral Zheng He at the Maritime Experiential Museum and Aquarium. Singapore (October 2011). Roslan Rahman/AFP/Getty Images.

[2]  A representative example of painting from the Ming dynasty, which emphasized tranquil landscapes and images of mountains, trees, and rivers. Painting by Tang Yin, 1523. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA publishing GmbH. PD-Art, the Yorck Project. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  A classic example of Ming pottery, a blue and white porcelain vase, decorated with images of flowers and dragons. Beijing, China (June 2007). Photography by Robert Ennals. CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from Robert Ennals photostream.

Entry 215

[1]  Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, China (October 2008). Photograph by Rabs003. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  The Dragon Throne, ceremonial seat of the Chinese emperors for centuries. Beijing, China (June 2004). Photograph by DF08. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 216

[1]  MIT Professor Marvin Minsky, author of The Society of Mind, and originator of the Society of Mind theory. New York (April 2008. Photograph by Amy Sussman/Getty Images for Tribeca Film Festival.

Entry 217

[1]  Trains crowded with Indian refugees, a result of the creation of two independent states, India and Pakistan. Muslims flee to Pakistan and Hindus flee to India in one of the largest transfers of population in history during the partition of India (October 1947). Photograph by Battmann/Getty Images.

Entry 218

[1]  Illustration by Etienne Alexander Rodriguez of a member of the Brahman caste from the nineteenth century. India (December 1836). Plate from, The Hindoo Castes, The history of the Braminical castes, containing a minute description of the origin, ceremonies, idolatry, manners, customs of the forty-two sects of Bramins of the British Indian empire; deduced from authentic manuscripts, after particular investigation and inquiries. Illustrated with fifty richly coloured plates, being faithful portraits of the people of each caste, represented in particular scenes of life, ceremonial and domestical, Book I. London, [Madras printed] 1846. PD-UK. Retrieved from The Full Wiki.

[2]  Photograph by Lady Ottoline Morrell of a school of untouchable near Banaglore. January–March 1935. Purchased with help from the Friends of the National Libraries and the Dame Helen Gardner Bequest, 2003. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Entry 221

[1]  Photograph by Bobak of Beijing on a day with good air quality (left), versus Beijing on a smoggy day (right). Beijing, China (August 2005). CC BY-SA 2.5. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Photograph by Robert Ziemi of Beijing residents wearing surgical-style masks to protect their lungs when outdoors. Beijing, China (October 2015). CC0 1.0 Universal. Retrieved from Pixabay.

Entry 223

[1]  Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg, Germany (1934). PD-Anonymous-EU. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 224

[1]  Augusto Pinochet, the authoritarian leader of Chile from 1973 until 1990. Valparaíso, Chile (1986). Photograph from the Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. CC BY 3.0 CL. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 225

[1]  Deng Xiaoping, leader of China from 1978 to 1989. Washington, DC (January 29, 1979). Photography by Official White House staff photographer. National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 183165. PD-US Gov. Retrieved from National Archives, JC-WHSP Collection.

Entry 227

[1]  Benito Mussolini Italian fascist leader, Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) in dress uniform. Florence, Italy (1923). Photo by Eugenio Risi/Alinari Archives, Florence/Alinari via Getty Images.

[2]  Benito Mussolini, during the march on Rome, with some of the quadriumviri: from left Emilio De Bono, Italo Balbo and Cesare Maria De Vecchi. Rome, Italy (October 1922). PD-Italy. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  Mussolini with Adolf Hitler, Munich, Germany (June 1940). Photograph. General Services Administration. National Archives and Records Service. Office of the National Archives. (9/19/1966–4/1/1985). From Series: Eva Braun’s Photo Albums, ca. 1913–ca. 1944. Record Group 242: National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1675–1958. National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 540151. PD-USGov. Retrieved from National Archives.

Entry 228

[1]  Roughly the same view of Shanghai, in the early 1990s (top) and in 2010 (bottom) (January 2011). Photograph by peacebob (Reddit). CC BY-SA 2.0. Retrieved from i.imgur.com.

[2]  Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China (2015). Photograph by Baycrest. CC BY-SA 2.5. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 234

[1]  Futurama, the city of 1960, designed by Norman Bel Geddes for the General Motors Exhibit at the New York World’s Fair, New York (1939). Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress.

[2]  Illustration showing sensor placement on autonomous vehicle (December 2013). Illustration provided courtesy of racingblog.de.

[3]  Photograph by Grendelkhan of a Google self-driving car with a human passenger at the intersection of Junction Avenue and North Rengstorff Avenue, Mountain View, CA (March 2016). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[4]  Photograph by Steve Jurvetson of an Uber OTTO self-driving truck, San Francisco, CA (June 2016). CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from Steve Jurvetson photostream.

Entry 235

[1]  Photograph by Jonas Dovydenas of Mujahedeen fighters, Afghanistan (1985). From the collection, War and Peace in Afghanistan, 1985–2005. Provided courtesy of the artist, Jonas Dovydenas.

Entry 236

[1]  United States Navy SEALs come ashore with their weapons at the ready. San Diego, CA (May 2004). Photograph by SEAL + SWCC Scout Team, Naval Amphibious Base Coronado. PD-USGov-Military-Navy. Retrieved from Naval Special Warfare Center.

[2]  An unidentified US Army (USA) Special Forces soldier, armed with a Heckler and Koch 9mm MP5A3 sub-machine gun, playing a game of pool with local Afghani teens in a small village in Afghanistan, during Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Afghanistan (August 2002). Photograph by Photographer’s Mate Second Class (DV) Eric Lippmann, United States Navy. PD-USGov-Military-Navy. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 237

[1]  The US Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, after the August 7, 1998, al-Qaida suicide bombing. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (August 1998). Photograph by US Department of State. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  The USS Cole (DDG 67) being towed away from the port city of Aden, Yemen, into open sea by the Military Sealift Command ocean-going tug USNS Catawba (T-ATF 168) on Oct. 29, 2000. Aden, Yemen (October 2000). Photograph by Sgt. Don L. Maes, US Marine Corps. PD-USGov. Retrieved from US Department of Defense Archive.

[3]  The moment the second hijacked plane struck the World Trade Center, hitting the South Tower. The North Tower burns in the background. 9:03 AM, September 11, 2001. New York (September 2001). Still from Video by 9/11 WTC Photos. CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from 9/11 WTC Photos photostream.

Entry 239

[1]  Kilobot, a thousand-robot swarm developed at Harvard University Cambridge, MA (May 2014). Photograph by asuscreative. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 241

[1]  Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda and the former most-wanted fugitive in the world (May 2011). Photograph by Sheik Usama Rahimullah. CC BY-SA 2.0. Retrieved from 2winTradez photostream.

[2]  Osama bin Laden with his adviser Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri during an interview with Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir. Dr. Ayman al-Zawahri acted as the translator for Osama bin Laden. Kabul, Afghanistan (November 2001). CC BY-SA 3.0. Photograph by Hamid Mir. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 242

[1]  Osama bin Laden’s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan (2011). Vector Graphic illustration by US Department of Defense. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 244

[1]  General David Petraeus, during the US troop surge in Iraq in 2008. Washington, DC (August 2011). Photograph by Monica A. King, official Department of Defense staff photographer. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 252

[1]  Joseph Stalin, in his early years as dictator of the Soviet Union. Russia (July 1941). PD-Russia. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  “Strengthen working discipline in collective farms” Soviet propaganda poster show Soviet push in Muslim lands. Tashkent, Uzbekistan (1933). Illustration from the Mardjani Foundation collection. PD-Art | PD-Russia. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  The German-Soviet conflict of World War II. Stalingrad, Russia (September 1942). Photograph from the archives of the Russian Federation. PD-Russia. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[4]  Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill on portico of Russian Embassy in Teheran, during conference, Nov. 28–Dec. 1, 1943. Teheran (1943). PD-USGov. Retrieved from Library of Congress.

Entry 253

[1]  Portrait of Adolf Hitler. Berlin, Germany, April 20, 1937 from the collection of the German Federal Archives (Deutsches Bundesarchiv). Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S33882. CC BY-SA 3.0 DE. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 255

[1]  Flag of Islamic State of Iraq (October 2007). Graphic illustration. PD-textlogo. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  Map of territory controlled by ISIS at its greatest extent in 2014, shown in red. Pink areas were subject to ISIS attacks, but not under ISIS control (January 2014). Graphic illustration by NordNordWest, modified by Laksman Frank, September 2017. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi taken by US armed forces while in detention at Camp Bucca in the vicinity of Umm Qasr, Iraq (2004). PD-US-Gov-Army. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[4]  ISIS terrorists in a still from a propaganda video (May 2015). Still from video by Alibaba2k16. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 256

[1]  Seal Team Six unit insignia. Scan from patch (April 2006). PD-USGov-Military. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 259

[1]  Daguerreotype of an oil painting depicting William Henry Harrison, 9th President of the United States. Boston, Massachusetts, circa 1850, copy of 1841 original. Daguerreotype by Albert Sands Southworth (American, 1811–1894) and Josiah Johnson Hawes (American, 1808–1901). From the collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession number: 37.14.44. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 261

[1]  Portrait of King Louis XVI of France, reigned 1774–1792. Painting by Antoine-François Callet. Piasa, Paris, France (eighteenth century). This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  The Oath of the Tennis Court. Painting by Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825). Versailles, France (1791). This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  The beheading of King Louis XVI at the Place de la Révolution (Concorde) in Paris. Copperplate engraving by Georg Heinrich Sieveking (1793). This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 262

[1]  Chaos outside the Washington Hilton Hotel after the assassination attempt on President Reagan. James Brady and police officer Thomas Delahanty lie wounded on the ground. Washington, DC (March 1981). Photograph. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Museum.

[2]  The presidential limousine, a custom-built Cadillac nicknamed “the Beast.” Washington, DC (January 2009). Photograph by US Secret Service. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  United States President Barack Obama with Senator Sherrod Brown, Representative Mary Jo Kilroy, and Secret Service personnel arriving at Port Columbus International Airport, Columbus, Ohio (March 2009). Photograph by Pete Souza, Chief Official White House Staff Photographer. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Official Obama White House photostream.

Entry 263

[1]  President Richard Nixon meets rock ’n’ roll legend Elvis Presley in the Oval Office. Washington, DC (December 1970). Photograph by Ollie Atkins, Official White House Staff Photographer. National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 194703. PD-USGov. Retrieved from National Archives.

[2]  Children of President Kennedy visit the Oval Office. President Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Jr. White House, Oval Office. Washington, DC (October 1962). Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, Official White House Staff Photographer. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  President Barack Obama meets with his chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, in the Oval Office. Washington, DC (October 2009). Photograph by Pete Souza, Chief Official White House Staff Photographer. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Official Obama White House photostream.

Entry 269

[1]  Vladimir Putin, President of Russia at the G20 Summit, Hamburg, Germany (July 2017). Photograph by Press Service of the President of the Russian Federation (Kremlin.ru). CC BY 4.0 International. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 270

[1]  A matryoshka set believed to be the first ever produced. Doll carved by Zvezdochkin, painted by Malyutin (1892). Sergiev Posad, Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia (2000). Photograph by RK812. PD-Russia. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 271

[1]  Official Portrait of President Ronald Reagan, 1981. Washington, DC (April 1983). Photograph by White House Photographic Office. PD-USGov. Photo provided courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum.

[2]  Ronald Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate and the Berlin Wall, Berlin, Germany (June 1987). Photograph by White House Photographic Office. PD-USGov. Photo provided courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum.

Entry 272

[1]  A Sprint missile ignites its booster shortly after launch from its underground silo on Meck Island in the Kwajalein Atoll. Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands (October 1970). Photograph by US Army. PD-USGov-Military-Army. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 274

[1]  The crystalline structure of graphene, a hexagonal grid (August 2010). Image by AlexanderAlUS. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

 [2] A nano-scale sculpture of a car, photographed by electron microscope at the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria (March 2012). Electron microscope photograph provided courtesy of Vienna University of Technology.

Entry 275

[1]  Allied and Soviet leaders at the Yalta conference in 1945: Seated (L–R) are Winston Churchill of the UK, Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the USA, and Joseph Stalin of the USSR. Livadiya, Crimea, Feb 4, 1945–Feb 11, 1945. Photograph by the United Kingdom Government. National Archives (UK). PD-UK. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  US troops fire an M-20 75mm recoilless rifle during battle in the Korean War. South Korea (July 1950). Photograph by US Army staff photographer. PD-USGov-Military-Army. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  The Iron Curtain (in black), prevented citizens in communist countries (in red) from traveling freely or escaping persecution. Countries in dark blue were democratic and allied with the United States, while countries in light blue were neutral, and countries in pink were communist but had some independence from the USSR. Boston, MA (2017). Graphic Illustration by Laksman Frank. Image provided courtesy of the author, Ray Kurzweil.

[4]  UH-1D helicopters airlift members of the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment from the Filhol Rubber Plantation area to a new staging area during Operation “Wahiawa,” a search and destroy mission conducted by the 25th Infantry Division. northeast of Cu Chi, Vietnam (May 1966). Photograph by US Army Signal Corps. Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations. National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 530606. PD-USGov-Military-Army. Retrieved from National Archives.

[5]  West German citizens gather at a newly created opening in the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, Germany (November 1989). Photograph by US Department of Defense. PD-USGov. Retrieved from US Department of Defense.

Entry 276

[1]  An atom of radioactive Uranium-235, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus at the center, surrounded by electrons (October 2005). Vector Graphic illustration by Stefan-p. CC BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[2]  The aftermath of the “Little Boy” explosion in Hiroshima. Hiroshima, Japan (1945). Photograph by US Department of Defense. PD-USGov. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[3]  Mushroom cloud from “Ivy Mike,” the first hydrogen bomb test, in 1952. Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands (November 1952). Photograph provided courtesy Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). CC BY 2.0. Retrieved from Official CTBTO photostream.

[4]  The basic design of a true thermonuclear weapon, also known as a hydrogen bomb (April 2008). Vector graphic illustration by Fastfission. PD-Author. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

[5]  The fireball from “Castle Romeo,” the first American test of a thermonuclear weapon small enough to be carried on a bomber aircraft. Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands (March 1954). Photograph by United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration. PD-USGov-DOE. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.

Entry 279

[1]  Pulitzer Prize Medal. New York, 1917. Designed by Daniel Chester French and his associate Henry Augustus Lukeman for the Pulitzer Prize, Columbia University. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art. PD-Art. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons.